Potassium Iodide – Its Value and Destiny

A number of nuclear power plant postulated accident scenarios show the overwhelming presence of radioiodines in the mix of a radioactive release. The effectual manifestations of radioiodines on an unprotected thyroid gland can be medically devastating. The importance of the thyroid gland in maintaining the harmonious functioning of the body is enormous, and the role of potassium iodide in protecting the thyroid gland from overdose of radioiodines is undeniable. The availability of iodine is of utmost importance to our health. However, its excess may have serious consequences. On the one hand, this characteristic allows successful treatment of thyroid diseases; on the other, it presents a challenge when large amounts of radioiodines are present in the environment. Recent documentation on thyroid abnormalities observed in the population of southern Belarus and northern Ukraine, following the Chernobyl accident, reveals adverse effects, ranging from functional disorders to increased incidence of thyroid carcinoma. This and other recent findings may influence our decision-making process regarding the preventive use of potassium iodide. Logistical and other difficulties will affect the timely and proper distribution to “general” population. Mechanisms, available in a nuclear power plant in reducing radioiodine release, often play an important role in quantifying the radionuclide inventory. Also, protective measure scheme for the early phase of an accident, and restrictions in food consumption in the postemergency phase will add to the qualification of administering potassium iodide. The difference in designs between the U.S. and a large number of non-U.S. plants should be considered. Proper federal guidance should be in place for the state and local officials to formulate informed decisions in the planning stage, and implement them with least difficulties. It is suggested that the decision-making process regarding administration of potassium iodide be left with the state and local officials.